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A cutaway design of a fuel direct injected engine Fuel injection is the introduction of fuel in an internal combustion engine, most commonly vehicle engines, by the methods of an injector. This short article focuses on fuel injection in reciprocating piston and rotary piston engines. All Diesel (compression-ignition) engines usage fuel injection, and many Otto (spark-ignition) engines use fuel injection of one kind or another.


In passenger cars and truck gas engines, fuel injection was presented in the early 1950s, and slowly acquired prevalence until it had actually mainly changed carburetors by the early 1990s. The primary difference between carburetion and fuel injection is that fuel injection atomizes the fuel through a little nozzle under high pressure, while a carburetor depends on suction produced by consumption air sped up through a Venturi tube to draw the fuel into the airstream.


Normally, the only thing in common all fuel injection systems have is the lack of carburetion. There are 2 main functional principles of mixture formation systems for internal combustion engines: internal mix development, and external mixture formation. fuel injectors. A fuel injection system that uses external mixture formation is called a manifold injection system; there exist 2 kinds of manifold injection systems: multi-point injection (port injection), and single-point injection (throttle-body injection).


There exist several different ranges of both direct and indirect injection systems, the most common internal mixture formation fuel injection system is the common-rail injection system, a direct injection system. The term electronic fuel injection refers to any fuel injection system having an engine control system. A perfect fuel injection system can exactly offer exactly the best amount of fuel under a all engine operating conditions.


In practice a perfect fuel injection system does not exist, however there is a substantial range of different fuel injection systems with particular advantages and disdvantages. Most of these systems were rendered outdated by the common-rail direct injection system that is nowadays (2020) utilized in lots of automobile. Common-rail injection allows petrol direct injection, and is even much better fit for diesel engine fuel direct injection.


When creating a fuel injection system, a range of elements has actually to be considered, including: All fuel injection systems comprise three standard components: they have at least one fuel injector (sometimes called an injection valve), a device that produces enough injection pressure, and a device that meters the correct quantity of fuel (fuel injectors).

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Early mechanical injection systems (except air-blast injection) typically utilized injection valves (with needle nozzles) in combination with a relatively sophisticated helix-controlled injection pump that both metered the fuel, this article and produced the injection pressure. They were appropriate for periodically injecting multi-point injection systems as well as all sorts of conventional direct injection systems, and chamber-injected systems.




In modern-day engines, the fuel metering and injection valve actuation is usually done by the engine control system. For that reason, the fuel here injection pump does not need to meter the fuel or actuate the injection valves; it only needs to offer injection pressure. These contemporary systems are used in multi-point-injected engines, and common-rail-injected engines.




The summary listed below highlights the most typical kinds of mix formation systems in internal combustion engines. There are several various methods of characterising, organizing and explaining fuel injection systems, the clade is based upon a differentiation between internal and external mix formation systems. Mix development systems Internal mix formation Indirect injection Direct injection Hydraulic injection Walldistributed injection Airdistributed injection Pumpe-Dse system Pump-rail-nozzle system Air-guided injection Wall-guided injection Spray-guided injection Traditional helixcontrolled injection pump systems Lanova direct injection Afterchamber injection G-System (sphere combustion chamber) Gardner system (hemisphere combustion chamber) Saurer system (torus combustion chamber) Flat piston (combustion chamber in between piston and head) External mix development Continuous vacuum carburettor Multistage carburettor Multi-barrel carburettor Float-chamber-less membrane carburettor BMW M88 engine with multi-point injection In an engine with external mix development, air and fuel are combined outside the combustion chamber, so that a premixed mixture of air and fuel is sucked into the engine.




There exist 2 primary external mix development systems in internal combustion engines: carburettors, and manifold injection. The following description concentrates on the latter. Manifold injection systems can likewise be thought about indirect injection, however this short article mainly uses the term indirect injection to describe internal mixture formation systems that are not direct injection.


They can utilize several different injection schemes. Single-point injection utilizes one injector in a throttle body mounted likewise to a carburetor on an consumption manifold. As in a carbureted induction system, the fuel is blended with the air prior to the inlet of the consumption manifold. Single-point injection was a relatively low-cost method for car manufacturers to decrease exhaust emissions to comply with tightening regulations while supplying much better "driveability" (easy starting, smooth running, freedom from doubt) than might be gotten with a carburetor.


This delayed the redesign and tooling costs of these components. Single-point injection was utilized thoroughly on American-made guest automobiles and light trucks throughout 19801995, and in some European vehicles in the early and mid-1990s. Multi-point injection injects fuel into the consumption ports simply upstream of each cylinder's consumption valve, instead of at a main point within a consumption manifold.

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Manifold injected engines can use a number of injection schemes: continuous, and intermittent (simultaneous, batched, sequential, and cylinder-individual). In a continuous injection system, fuel flows at all times from the fuel injectors, but at a variable circulation rate. The most typical automotive continuous injection system is find out the Bosch K-Jetronic, presented in 1974, and utilized until the mid-1990s by different automobile makers.


In an engine with an internal mix development system, air and fuel are mixed just inside the combustion chamber - fuel injectors. Therefore, just air is drawn into the engine throughout the consumption stroke. The injection plan is constantly periodic (either sequential or cylinder-individual). There are 2 different kinds of internal mix formation systems: indirect injection, and direct injection.